Strong Acid Definition and Examples

A strong acid is one that is completely dissociated or ionized in an aqueous solution. It is a chemical species with a high capacity to lose a proton, H. In water, a strong acid loses one proton, which is captured by water to form the hydronium ion: HA(aq) H2O → H3O(aq) A−(aq) Diprotic and polyprotic acids may lose more than one proton, but the strong acid pKa value and reaction refer only to the loss of the first proton. Strong acids have a small logarithmic constant (pKa) and a large acid dissociation constant (Ka). Most strong acids are corrosive, but some of the superacids are not. In contrast, some of the weak acids (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) can be highly corrosive. As acid concentration increases, the ability to dissociate diminishes. Under normal conditions in water, strong acids dissociate completely, but extremely concentrated solutions do not. Examples of Strong Acids While there are many weak acids, there are few strong acids. The common strong acids include: HCl (hydrochloric acid)H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)HNO3 (nitric acid)HBr (hydrobromic acid)HClO4 (perchloric acid)HI (hydroiodic acid)p-toluenesulfonic acid (an organic soluble strong acid)methanesulfonic acid (a liquid organic strong acid) The following acids dissociate almost completely in water, so they are often considered to be strong acids, although they are not more acidic than the hydronium ion, H3O: HNO3Â  (nitric acid)HClO3Â  (chloric acid) Some chemists consider the hydronium ion, bromic acid, periodic acid, perbromic acid, and periodic acid to be strong acids. If the ability to donate protons is used as the primary criterion for acid strength, then the strong acids (from strongest to weakest) would be: H[SbF6]Â  (fluoroantimonic acid)FSO3HSbF5Â  (magic acid)H(CHB11Cl11)Â  (carborane superacid)FSO3HÂ  (fluorosulfuric acid)CF3SO3HÂ  (triflic acid) These are the superacids, which are defined as acids that are more acidic than 100% sulfuric acid. The superacids permanently protonate water. Factors Determining Acid Strength You may be wondering why the strong acids dissociate so well or why certain weak acids do not completely ionize. A few factors come into play: Atomic radius: As the atomic radius increases, so does acidity. For example, HI is a stronger acid than HCl (iodine is a larger atom than chlorine).Electronegativity: The more electronegative a conjugate base in the same period of the periodic table is (A-), the more acidic it is.Electrical charge: The more positive the charge on an atom, the higher its acidity. In other words, its easier to take a proton from a neutral species than from one with a negative charge.Equilibrium: When an acid dissociates, equilibrium is reached with its conjugate base. In the case of strong acids, the equilibrium strongly favors the product or is to the right of a chemical equation. The conjugate base of a strong acid is much weaker than water as a base.Solvent: In most applications, strong acids are discussed in relation to water as a solvent. However, acidity and basicity have meaning in nonaqueous solvent. For example, in liquid ammonia, acetic acid ionizes completely and may be considered a strong a cid, even though it is a weak acid in water.

Comfort Of Our Own Homes Essays - 848 Words

Comfort Of Our Own Homes Violence is very wide spread in society today and is growing at an alarming rate among our children. Everyday we seem to hear of children beating on one another, ganging up on the elderly, invading homes, and even murdering people. One has to question how much effect different sorts of media have on our children. From the time we are very young we can be exposed to seeing and hearing horrible acts of violence on the television and radio, and through video games. Sadly, I believe this is where it all starts - in the comfort of our own homes. Over and over again children watch violent programs and play video games with the goal of killing others. Eventually many of them find it amusing and enjoyable to see†¦show more content†¦Watching programs that glorify violence, such as â€Å"Monday Night Wrestling†, give children the impression that hurting others is amusing. â€Å"Even though young children have some understanding of what it means to pretend, they are developmen tally unable to distinguish clearly between fantasy and reality.† (Grierson, Adbusters 1) Children not only commit acts of violence but they actually enjoy it. They are conditioned to enjoy violence from an early age, often while curled up on the living room couch. â€Å"Children watch vivid pictures of human suffering and death, and they learn to associate it with their favorite soft drink and candy bar†. (Grierson, Adbusters 2) Many times over, disgusting scenes are viewed with Mom and Dad during family times together. â€Å"TV violence does not kill you. It destroys your violence immune system and conditions you to derive pleasure from destruction.† (Grierson, Adbusters 2) Kids who play video games get a sense of pleasure when they â€Å"kill the enemy† and win the game. Grossman, who spent time as a lieutenant-colonel in the army states that something psychologists call â€Å"classical conditioning† can take place in our children when they act out violently, such as in video games, and are rewarded for it, as they are by winning the game. He calls classical conditioning â€Å"the forced association of an emotional state with an action-to train its soldiers not only to kill but to like it†. (Grierson,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Computer-Mediated Communication 793 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Just imagine your day to day activities at work, home or school without the use of the internet and other Computer Mediated Devices? 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Kenneth Pang Essay Example For Students

Kenneth Pang Essay 1/4/96CRIME AND PUNISHMENTEver since the beginning of modern society, crime and punishment have been linked together. Depend on the seriousness of the crime, those who break the laws are punished accordingly. As the amount of homicide increased in the passed several years, people are demanding tougher punishments for more murder. Among them, the most supported one was the reapplying of execution as a mean of punishment. This notion could help decrease the number of killing, however it also raised many concerns. In order for execution to be reinstated as a punishment for murder, questions such as the morality of executing criminals and the possibility of killing a innocence person must be answered.One concern of executing murderers is the morality of the act. First of all, killing of any kind is wrong. As outlined by laws and guaranteed by the Canada Charter of Human Right, every human is entitle to live. And under no circumstances do anyone else have the right to someone else live aw ay. Extinguishing the life of the murderer is equivalent to murderers killing their victim. If it is illegal for murderers kill, how is it possible for government to be justify to end the lives of the murderers.Another concern of executing murderers is the possibility of killing an innocence person. With our improving technology, what we now believe is beyond reasonable doubt might a verdict filled with errors in the future. One very good example of this is the recent acquitting of a man jailed for raped and the murder of a girl. If he was executed at the time, he would of never had the chance to prove his innocence with the D.N.A. tests. He as an innocence man would have been killed. Legalizing execution for the punishing of murderers is a very important decision for Canadians to make. The result of the decision will decide of government have the right to kill its citizens. In making his decision, everyone have to consider the consequences of sending a innocence man to death. Death is the permanent depriving of any human activity. If an innocence man is sentence to death, there is no way he could every get his life back. Unless there is a way to prove a criminal is one hundred percent guilty, execution should not be reinstated.

Salient Issues in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay Example

Salient Issues in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay The most salient issues addressed in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass are those of dehumanization, education, and slavery’s effect on both slave and slaveholders’ morality. These issues are amplified through Douglass’s use of rhetorical devices and stories of his first-hand experiences as a slave. The Great Chain of Being, a hierarchy of races with whites on top and Africans on the bottom, was used to justify the many horrors that slaves were faced with.Douglass’ intellectual approach to composing his narrative allowed him to challenge The Great Chain of Being and prove to his audience that African Americans can achieve success and slavery is unjust. The most prominent issue of Douglass’ narrative is the dehumanization of slaves. Slaveholders’ main tactics of dehumanization were keeping the slaves ignorant and punishing them through verbal and physical violence.All slaves were not lawfully considered human, but instead as property or animals. Running away from ones master was essentially classified as stealing oneself; therefore there were severe consequences for attempting to escape.While slaves were treated like property, they began to believe that they truly were property.Douglass mentions how they would often argue about whose master was kinder, although none of them were kind at all. This depicts how distant slaves were from reality and human emotion while they spoke so highly of those who oppressed them. Douglass was sent to master Covey, who beat him weekly for his apparent awkwardness and disobedience. He expresses that he became suicidal during this time due to the torture and belittlement from his master. Masters used abuse to make slaves feel less than human and lose their desire for freedom. The many tactics of dehumanization had successfully convinced slaves that they were an inferior race. We will write a custom essay sample on Salient Issues in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Salient Issues in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Salient Issues in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the moment they were born, slaves were dehumanized with the separation from their family. Dou